Personal Pronouns


Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending on:
  • number: singular (eg: I) or plural (eg: we)
  • person: 1st person (eg: I), 2nd person (eg: you) or 3rd person (eg: he)
  • gender: male (eg: he), female (eg: she) or neuter (eg: it)
  • case: subject (eg: we) or object (eg: us)
We use personal pronouns in place of the person or people that we are talking about. My name is Josef but when I am talking about myself I almost always use "I" or "me", not "Josef". When I am talking direct to you, I almost always use "you", not your name. When I am talking about another person, say John, I may start with "John" but then use "he" or "him". And so on.
Here are the personal pronouns, followed by some example sentences:
number
person
gender
personal pronouns
subject
object
singular
1st
male/ female
I
me
2nd
male/ female
you
you
3rd
male
he
him
female
she
her
neuter
it
it
plural
1st
male/ female
we
us
2nd
male/ female
you
you
3rd
male/ female/ neuter
they
them
Examples (in each pair, the first sentence shows a subject pronoun, the second an object pronoun):
  • I like coffee. / John helped me.
  • Do you like coffee? / John loves you.
  • He runs fast. / Did Ram beat him?
  • She is clever. / Does Mary know her?
  • It doesn't work. / Can the man fix it?
  • We went home. / Anthony drove us.
  • Do you need a table for three? / Did John and Mary beat you at doubles?
  • They played doubles. / John and Mary beat them.
When we are talking about a single thing, we almost always use it. However, there are a few exceptions. We may sometimes refer to an animal as he/him or she/her, especially if the animal is domesticated or a pet. Ships (and some other vessels or vehicles) as well as some countries are often treated as female and referred to as she/her. Here are some examples:
  • This is our dog Rusty. He's an Alsatian.
  • The Titanic was a great ship but she sank on her first voyage.
  • My first car was a Mini and I treated her like my wife.
  • Thailand has now opened her border with Cambodia.
For a single person, sometimes we don't know whether to use he or she. There are several solutions to this:
  • If a teacher needs help, he or she should see the principal.
  • If a teacher needs help, he should see the principal.
  • If a teacher needs help, they should see the principal.
We often use it to introduce a remark:
  • It is nice to have a holiday sometimes.
  • It is important to dress well.
  • It's difficult to find a job.
  • Is it normal to see them together?
  • It didn't take long to walk here.
We also often use it to talk about the weather, temperature, time and distance:
  • It's raining.
  • It will probably be hot tomorrow.
  • Is it nine o'clock yet?
  • It's 50 kilometres from here to Cambridge.

Pengertian Personal Pronoun

Personal pronoun adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk orang, hewan, benda, atau hal secara spesifik. Bentuk kata ganti ini tergantung pada peran (subject, object, possessive), jumlah, orang ke-, dan gender dari noun yang digantikan. 

Perubahan Bentuk pada Personal Pronoun

Berbeda dengan noun yang memiliki bentuk yang sama ketika berfungsi sebagai subject atau object dan penambahan apostrophe ketika berfungsi sebagai possessive, perubahan pada kata ganti ini mengacu pada beberapa parameter, yaitu:
·         case (subjective, objective, & possessive)
·         number (singular & plural)
·         person (first, second, & third)
·         gender (female, male, & neutral)
Perubahan bentuk pada kata ganti ini dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
Number
Person
Case
Subjective
Objective
Possessive
Singular
1st
I
me
mine
2nd
you
you
yours
3rd
she, he, it
her, him, it
hers, his, its
Plural
1st
we
us
ours
2nd
you
you
yours
3rd
they
them
theirs

personal pronounsSubjective, Objective, dan Possessive Personal Pronoun

Personal pronoun dapat berfungsi sebagai subject, object, maupun possessive (parameter case). Berikut penjelasan penjelasan dan contoh kalimatnya.
Peran
Contoh Kalimat Personal Pronoun
Subjective personal pronouns (I, you, they, we, she, he, it)
Berarti kata ganti ini berfungsi sebagai subject.
He is a politician.
(Dia adalah politisi.)
It is the most delicious cake that I have ever eaten.
(Ini kue terlezat yang saya pernah makan.)
Objective personal pronouns (me, you, us, them, her, him, it)
Berarti kata ganti ini dapat berfungsi sebagai:
·         object of a verb
·         object of a preposition
object of a verb:
·         He lent me two interesting books.
(Dia meminjami saya dua buku yang menarik.)
·         None understands why the man really loves her.
(Tak satupun mengerti kenapa pria tersebut mencintai dia.)
·         Everybody is enthusiastic to help her.
(Setiap orang antusias membantunya.)
object of a preposition:
If only he shared his problem with me.
(Seandainya dia membagi masalahnya kepada saya.)
Possessive personal pronouns (mine, yours, ours, theirs, hers, his, its)
Berarti kata ganti ini berfungsi untuk menunjukkan siapa yang memiliki sesuatu dengan menempati posisi sebagai: subject of a sentence, subject complement, atau objek.
subject of a sentence:
Yours was sent yesterday.
(Milikmu dikirim kemarin),
Mine is the biggest one.
(Punyaku yang terbesar.)
subject complement:
The red and black car is his.
(Mobil merah-hitam tsb milik dia.),
That is ours.
(Itu punya kita.)

Posisi Personal Pronoun sebagai 1st, 2nd, & 3rd Person

Personal pronoun dapat menempati posisi sebagai 1st person, 2nd person, atau 3rd person (parameter person). Penjelasan dan contoh kalimatnya sebagai berikut.
Fungsi
Contoh Kalimat Personal Pronoun
1st person — orang pertama (I, me, we, us)
Ketika sedang berbicara sebagai orang pertama (diri sendiri), kita dapat menggunakan kata ganti daripada menggunakan namanya.
I would be very happy if you lent me a little money.
(Saya akan sangat senang jika kamu meminjami saya sedikit uang.)
We‘re looking for a philanthropist to support us.
(Kami sedang mencari seorang dermawan untuk mendukung kami.)
2nd person — orang kedua (you)
Ketika sedang berbicara dengan orang lain (bertindak sebagai orang kedua), kita dapat menggunakan kata ganti untuk orang kedua daripada menyebut nama aslinya.
You shouldn’t put yours anywhere.
(Kamu tidak seharnya meletakkan milikmu dimana-mana.)
I will help you to get yours.
(Saya akan membantumu mendapatkan milikmu.)
3rd person — orang ketiga (she, he, it, her, him, it, they, them)
Ketika sedang membicarakan orang lain (orang lain bertindak sebagai orang ketiga), kita dapat menyebut namanya pada permulaan pembicaraan, selanjutnya diganti dengan kata ganti orang ketiga.
Ferdi is a generous man. He always sets aside his for the poor and visits the orphanage. Everybody likes him.
(Ferdi adalah orang yang pemurah. Dia selalu menyisihkan miliknya untuk orang miskin dan mengunjungi panti asuhan. Setiap orang menyukainya.)

Appositive dan Personal Pronoun

Personal Pronoun dapat digunakan pada appositive. Jika appositive menerangkan subject, kata ganti yang digunakan adalah subjective personal pronouns (I, you, they, we, she, he, it). Sebaliknya jika appositive menerangkan object, maka kata ganti yang digunakan adalah objective personal pronouns (me, you, us, them, her, him, it).

Contoh Kalimat Appositive dan Personal Pronoun:

1
The team, Atiek and he, got two gold medals.
(Tim tersebut, Atiek dan dia, mendapatkan dua medali emas.)

Keterangan:

·         The team= subject
·         Atiek and he = appositive
·         he = subjective pp
2
Diana invited her best friends, Vina and me, to her wedding party.
(Diana mengundang teman-teman baiknya, Vina dan saya, ke pesta pernikahannya.)

Keterangan:

·         her best friend = object
·         Vina and me= appositive
·         me = objective pp

Catatan:

Formula yang sopan menempatkan kata ganti ini (subjective & objective) setelah nama orang lain (Atiek and he, Vina and me).
Personal pronouns are pronouns that are associated primarily with a particular grammatical person – first person (as I), second person (as you), or third person (as he, she, it). Personal pronouns may also take different forms depending on number (usually singular or plural), grammatical or natural gender, case, and formality. The term "personal" is used here purely to signify the grammatical sense; personal pronouns are not limited to people and can also refer to animals and objects (as the English personal pronoun it usually does).
The re-use in some languages of one personal pronoun to indicate a second personal pronoun with formality or social distance – commonly a second person plural to signify second person singular formal – is known as the T–V distinction, from the Latin pronouns tu and vos. Examples are the majestic plural in English and the use of "vous" in place of "tu" in French
For specific details of the personal pronouns used in the English language, see English personal pronouns.

Contents

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Types and forms of personal pronouns[edit]

Person and number[edit]

Languages typically have personal pronouns for each of the three grammatical persons:
  • first-person pronouns normally refer to the speaker, in the case of the singular (as the English I), or to the speaker and others, in the case of the plural (as the English we).
  • second-person pronouns normally refer to the person or persons being addressed (as the English you); in the plural they may also refer to the person or persons being addressed together with third parties.
  • third-person pronouns normally refer to third parties other than the speaker or the person being addressed (as the English he, she, it, they).
As noted above, within each person there are often different forms for different grammatical numbers, especially singular and plural. Languages which have other numbers, such as dual (e.g. Slovene),[1] may also have distinct pronouns for these.
Some languages distinguish between inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns – those that do and do not include their audience. For example, Tok Pisin has seven first-person pronouns according to number (singular, dual, trial, plural) and clusivity, such as mitripela ("they two and I") and yumitripela ("you two and I").[2]
Some languages do not have third-person personal pronouns, instead using demonstratives (e.g. Macedonian)[3] or full noun phrases. Latin used demonstratives rather than third-person pronouns (in fact the third-person pronouns in the Romance languages are descended from the Latin demonstratives).
In some cases personal pronouns can be used in place of indefinite pronouns, referring to someone unspecified or to people generally. In English and other languages the second-person pronoun can be used in this way: instead of the formal one should hold one's oar in both hands (using the indefinite pronoun one), it is more common to say you should hold your oar in both hands.

Gender[edit]

Personal pronouns, particularly those of the third person, may differ depending on the grammatical gender or natural gender of their antecedent or referent. This occurs in English with the third-person singular pronouns, where (simply put) he is used when referring to a male, she to a female, and it to something inanimate or an animal of unspecific sex. This is an example of pronoun selection based on natural gender; many languages also have selection based on grammatical gender (as in French, where the pronouns il and elle are used with masculine and feminine antecedents respectively, as are the plurals ils and elles). Sometimes natural and grammatical gender do not coincide, as with the German noun Mädchen ("girl"), which is grammatically neuter but naturally feminine. (See Grammatical gender: Grammatical vs. natural gender for more details.)
Issues may arise when the referent is someone of unspecified or unknown sex. In a language such as English, it is derogatory to use the inanimate pronoun it to refer to a person (except in some cases to a small child), and although it is traditional to use the masculine he to refer to a person of unspecified sex, the movement towards gender-neutral language requires that another method be found, such as saying he or she. A common solution, particularly in informal language, is to use singular they. For more details see Gender in English.
Similar issues arise in some languages when referring to a group of mixed gender; these are dealt with according to the conventions of the language in question (in French, for example, the masculine ils "they" is used for a group containing both men and women or antecedents of both masculine and feminine gender).
A pronoun can still carry gender even if it does not inflect for it; for example, in the French sentence je suis petit ("I am small") the speaker is male and so the pronoun je is masculine, whereas in je suis petite the speaker is female and the pronoun is treated as feminine, the feminine ending -e consequently being added to the predicate adjective.
On the other hand, many languages do not distinguish female and male in the third person pronoun.
Some languages have or had a non-gender-specific third person pronoun:
Some of these languages started to distinguish gender in the third person pronoun due to influence from European languages.
Mandarin, for example, introduced, in the early 20th century a different character for she (她), which is pronounced identically as he (他) and thus is still indistinguishable in speech (tā).
Korean geunyeo (그녀) is found in writing to translate "she" from European languages. In the spoken language it still sounds awkward and rather unnatural, as it literally translates to "that female".

Formality[edit]

Further information: T–V distinction
Many languages have different pronouns, particularly in the second person, depending on the degree of formality or familiarity. It is common for different pronouns to be used when addressing friends, family, children and animals than when addressing superiors and adults with whom the speaker is less familiar. Examples of such languages include French, where the singular tu is used only for familiars, the plural vous being used as a singular in other cases (Russian follows a similar pattern); German, where the third-person plural sie (capitalized as Sie) is used as both singular and plural in the second person in non-familiar uses; and Polish, where the noun pan ("gentleman") and its feminine and plural equivalents are used as polite second-person pronouns. For more details, see T–V distinction.
Some languages, such as Japanese and Korean, have pronouns that reflect deep-seated societal categories. In these languages there is a small set of nouns that refer to the discourse participants, but these referential nouns are not usually used, with proper nouns, deictics, and titles being used instead (and once the topic is understood, usually no explicit reference is made at all). A speaker chooses which word to use depending on the rank, job, age, gender, etc. of the speaker and the addressee. For instance, in formal situations, adults usually refer to themselves as watashi or the even more polite watakushi, while young men may use the student-like boku and police officers may use honkan ("this officer"). In informal situations, women may use the colloquial atashi, and men may use the rougher ore.

Case[edit]

Pronouns also often take different forms based on their syntactic function, and in particular on their grammatical case. English distinguishes the nominative form (I, you, he, she, it, we, they), used principally as the subject of a verb, from the oblique form (me, you, him, her, it, us, them), used principally as the object of a verb or preposition. Languages whose nouns inflect for case often inflect their pronouns according to the same case system; for example, German personal pronouns have distinct nominative, genitive, dative and accusative forms (ich, meiner, mir, mich; etc.). Pronouns often retain more case distinctions than nouns – this is true of both German and English, and also of the Romance languages, which (with the exception of Romanian) have lost the Latin grammatical case for nouns, but preserve certain distinctions in the personal pronouns.
Other syntactic types of pronouns which may adopt distinct forms are disjunctive pronouns, used in isolation and in certain distinct positions (such as after a conjunction like and), and prepositional pronouns, used as the complement of a preposition.

Strong and weak forms[edit]

Some languages have strong and weak forms of personal pronouns, the former being used in positions with greater stress. Some authors further distinguish weak pronouns from clitic pronouns, which are phonetically less independent.[4][5]
Examples are found in Polish, where the masculine third-person singular accusative and dative forms are jego and jemu (strong) and go and mu (weak). English has strong and weak pronunciations for some pronouns, such as them (pronounced /ðɛm/ when strong, but /(ð)(ə)m/ when weak).

Reflexive and possessive forms[edit]

Languages may also have reflexive pronouns (and sometimes reciprocal pronouns) closely linked to the personal pronouns. English has the reflexive forms myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves (there is also oneself, from the indefinite pronoun one). These are used mainly to replace the oblique form when referring to the same entity as the subject of the clause; they are also used as intensive pronoun (as in I did it myself).
Personal pronouns are also often associated with possessive forms. English has two sets of such forms: the possessive determiners (also called possessive adjectives) my, your, his, her, its, our and their, and the possessive pronouns mine, yours, his, hers, its (rare), ours, theirs (for more details see English possessive). In informal usage both types of words may be called "possessive pronouns", even though the former kind do not function in place of nouns, but qualify a noun, and thus do not themselves function grammatically as pronouns.
Some languages, such as the Slavic languages, also have reflexive possessives (meaning "my own", "his own", etc.). These can be used to make a distinction from ordinary third-person possessives. For example, in Slovene:
Eva je dala Maji svojo knjigo ("Eva gave Maja her [reflexive] book", i.e. Eva's own book)
Eva je dala Maji njeno knjigo ("Eva gave Maja her [non-reflexive] book", i.e. Maja's book)
The same phenomenon occurs in the North Germanic languages, for example Danish, which can produce the sentences Anna gav Maria sin bog and Anna gav Maria hendes bog, the distinction being analogous to that in the Slovene example above.

Syntax[edit]

Antecedents[edit]

Third-person personal pronouns, and sometimes others, often have an explicit antecedent – a noun phrase which refers to the same person or thing as the pronoun (see anaphora). The antecedent usually precedes the pronoun, either in the same sentence or in a previous sentence (although in some cases the pronoun may come before the antecedent). The pronoun may then be said to "replace" or "stand for" the antecedent, and to be used so as to avoid repeating the antecedent. Some examples:
  • John hid and we couldn't find him. (John is the antecedent of him)
  • After he lost his job, my father set up a small grocer's shop. (my father is the antecedent of he, although it comes after the pronoun)
  • We invited Mary and Tom. He came but she didn't. (Mary is the antecedent of she, and Tom of he)
  • I loved those bright orange socks. Can you lend them to me? (those bright orange socks is the antecedent of them)
  • Jane and I went out cycling yesterday. We did 30 miles. (Jane and I is the antecedent of we)
Sometimes pronouns, even third-person ones, are used without specific antecedent, and the referent has to be deduced from the context. In other cases there may be ambiguity as to what the intended antecedent is:
  • Alan was going to discuss it with Bob. He's always dependable. (the meaning of he is ambiguous; the intended antecedent may be either Alan or Bob)

Pronoun dropping[edit]

In some languages, subject or object pronouns can be dropped in certain situations (see Pro-drop language). In particular, in a null-subject language, it is permissible for the subject of a verb to be omitted. Information about the grammatical person (and possibly gender) of the subject may then be provided by the form of the verb. In such languages it is common for personal pronouns to appear in subject position only if they are needed to resolve ambiguity or if they are stressed.

Dummy pronouns[edit]

In some cases pronouns are used purely because they are required by the rules of syntax, even though they do not refer to anything; they are then called dummy pronouns. This can be seen in English with the pronoun it in such sentences as it is raining and it is nice to relax. (This is less likely in pro-drop languages, since such pronouns would probably be omitted.)

Capitalization[edit]

Personal pronouns are not normally capitalized, except in particular cases. In English the first-person subject pronoun I is always capitalized, and in some Christian texts the personal pronouns referring to Jesus or God are capitalized (He, Thou, etc.).
In many European languages, but not English, the second-person pronouns are often capitalized for politeness when they refer to the person one is writing to (such as in a letter).

Pengertian Personal Pronoun dan Contoh Kalimatnya

Didi Hamzah
Pronoun
4 November 2015
Belum ada komentar
Dalam belajar bahasa inggris pasti kita akan menemui pronoun. Apa itu pronoun? Dan apa fungsinya? Pronoun atau dalam bahasa indonesia kita menyebutnya sebagai kata ganti, dan fungsinya adalah untuk menggantikan noun dalam kalimat. pronoun memiliki beberapa macam, utnuk lebih jelasnya silahkan baca postingan pengertian dan macam-macam pronoun dalam bahasa inggris. Pada perjumpaan kali ini kita akan membahas salah satu jenis pronoun yaitu Personal pronoun. Apa itu personal pronoun? Dan apa fungsinya? Untuk mengetetahuinya silahkan ikuti pembahasan berikut ini.
Personal Pronoun

Pengertian Personal Pronoun

Personal pronoun adalah sebuah pronoun(kata ganti) yang digunkan untuk menggantikan noun(kata benda) yang bisa berupa, orang, hewan, benda, dan hal yang spesifik dalam kalimat. Personal pronoun diantaranya adalah “I, you, they, we, she, he, it, us, me, her, his, them, us, mine, yours, its, theirs, ours, etc”. Pemeilihan pronoun tergantung pada peran/posisi(subject, object, possessive), jumlah, orang ke-, dan gender dari noun yang digantikannya.

Tabel Perubahan pada Personal Pronoun

perubahan noun yang akan digantikan oleh peronal pronoun akan terjadi karena di dalam kalimat, Perubahan-perubahan tersebut tergantung pada:
  • Case(subjective, objective, & possessive)
  • Number(singular/ plural)
  • Person(sudut pandang orang ke- 1, 2, 3)
  • Gender(jenis kelamin).
Untuk lebih jelasnya tentang perubahannya silahkan lihat tabel dibawah ini.
Number(tunggal atau jamak)
Person(sudut pandang orang ke-)
Gender(Jenis kelamin)
Case
Subjek
Objek
Possessive


Singular
1st
Male/female
I
Me
Mine
2st
Male/female
You
You
Yours
3st

Male
He
Him
His
Female
She
Her
Hers
Neuter(netral)
It
It
Its


Plural
1st
Male/female
We
Us
Ours
2st
Male/female
You
You
Yours
3st
Male/female/ Neuter(netral)
They
Them
Theirs


Sudut Pandang Person(first, second, third) pada Personal Pronoun

Personal pronoun dapat menempati posisi sebagai sudut pandang orang ke-1st person(pertama), 2nd person(kedua), atau 3rd person(ketiga). Penjelasan dan contoh kalimatnya sebagai berikut.

Sudut Pandang Person

Contoh kalimat personal pronoun

1st person(orang pertama)
Sudut pandang 1st person(orang pertma) adalah sudut pandang yang digunakan ketika sedang berbicara sebagai orang pertama (diri sendiri), sudut pandang 1st person(orang pertma) dapat menggunakan pronoun antara lain: “I, me, we, us”.
I do not like fish because they smell fishy.
Aku tidak suka ikan karena mereka berbau amis.
We plan to go to Singapura next week.
Kita merencanakan pergi ke Singapura minggu depan.

2st person(orang kedua)
Sudut pandang 2st person(orang kedua) adalah sudut pandang yang digunakan ketika kita sedang berbicara dengan orang lain(orang ke-dua). Sudut pandang 2st person(orang kedua)dapat menggunakan pronoun(kanta ganti) yaitu: :“you”.
I think you have to apologize to her.
Saya pikir Anda harus meminta maaf padanya.
Do you want to go jogging with me?
kamu mau lari pagi denganku ?

3st person(orang ketiga)
Sudut pandang 3st person(orang ketiga) adalah sudut pandang yang digunakan ketika membicarakan seseorang (orang lain bertindak sebagai orang ketiga). kita dapat menyebut namanya pada permulaan pembicaraan, selanjutnya diganti dengan pronoun(kata ganti) orang ketiga antara lain: “she, he, it, her, him, it, they, them”
Andi is a student in some University. He is smart and responsible about what he is done. He always teach other students who do not know about the lesson until they understand.
(Andi adalah seorang mahasiswa di sebuah Universitas. Dia pintar dan bertanggung jawab dengan yang dilakukannya. Dia selalu mengajarkan siswa lainnya yang tidak mengerti tentang pelajaran sampai mereka paham.)

Case(subjective, objective, & possessive) Personal Pronoun

Personal pronoun dalam kalimat bisa diposisikan sebagai subjek, objek, maupun kepemilikan(possessive). untuk lebih jelasnya silahkan simak pembahasan berikut ini.

Case

Contoh kalimatnya

Subjective personal pronoun
Subjective personal pronoun berarti di sini personal pronoun difungsikan sebagi subjek dalam kalimat. Subjective personal pronoun antara lain singular(I, you, she, he, it) dan plural (you, they, we)
She is a doctor.
Dia adalah seorang dokter.
They will go to Bali island next week.
Mereka akan pergi ke pulau Bali minggu depan.

Obejective Personal pronoun
Obejective Personal pronoun berarti di sini personal pronoun difungsikan sebagi objek dalam kalimat, antara lain:

  • Direct object
  • Indirect object
  • Object of preposition
Obejective Personal pronoun antara lain: singular(me, you, him, her, it) dan plural(us, you, them).
Personal pronoun sebagai direct object:
I saw him at Yuni’s birthday party yesterday.
Aku melihat dia di pesta ulang tahun Yuni kemarin.
Personal pronoun sebagai indirect object:
The terorist shoots a man who tries to fight him.
Teroris itu menembak seorang laki-laki yang coba melawan dia.
Personal pronoun sebagi object of preposition:
I invite Yuni going toYogyakarta with us.
Aku mengajak Yuni pergi ke Yogyakarta dengan kita.

Possessive Personal Pronoun
Possessive Personal Pronoun berarti di sini difungsikan untuk menunjukkan kepimilikan terhadap sesuatu dengan ditempatkan pada subject of a sentence atau subject complement. Possessive Personal Pronoun antara lain: singurlar(mine, yours, his, hers, its) dan plural(ours, yours, theirs).
Subject of sentence:
Yours is the biggest one.
Punyamu adalah yang terbesar.
Subject complement:
The dog that is barking in front of andi’s house is hers.
Anjing yang sedang menggonggong di depan rumah Andi adalah miliknya.


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